Automotive Engineering
- Major No
- 20201
- Course credit
- 165
- College
- College of Engineering & Technology
- Level
- Bachelor's Programs
Overview
Program History
Automotive Engineering program is one of the earliest that are offered by Palestine Polytechnic University, it was started on 1990. It is special program of its kind as it aims to support a very important careers sector in Palestine, which is automotive trade and after sale service sector. The program is being developed over the years to provide students with the knowledge and the skills necessary to become professional automotive engineers. The multidisciplinary nature of the content allows for providing solid grounding in fundamentals and know-how, with significant content in engineering sciences and design including computer-aided design. State-of-the-art laboratories and facilities are being developed to support the program to cover a wide range of automotive and mechanical technologies. These resources allow students to gain technical expertise along with theoretical understanding required for an integrated approach required for automotive sector and related industries in a well-balanced fashion. Program content allows graduates to gain the important technical skills that are highly valued by the local employment sector. To ensure compatibility with the international standards, the university has recently obtained a Tempus grant (Career-Oriented Curricula Development for Road Vehicle Maintenance) for developing the program in cooperation with a Palestinian and European partner. The European grant allowed for developing the program contents, teaching staff competencies, and educational resources.
Objectives
The program mission is:
- To graduate qualified labor forces able to make a positive change and fulfill the needs and requirements of the community in scientific, technological, and research fields.
- To provide innovative ideas and solutions.
- To strengthen the role of the scientific research and development in accomplishing sustainable and substantial national growth.
- To attract qualified and ranked human resources.
- To reform the university environment and atmosphere.
Outcomes
Program Educational Objectives
Provide society with graduates who are:
- committed to social, cultural, global, environmental, professional, and ethical responsibilities required for sustainable development;
- capable to apply effective, creative and innovative solutions, both individually and cooperatively, to current and future mechanical and automotive engineering problems;
- capable to use knowledge of basic science, engineering fundamentals, research skills, technical competence, and communication skills in problem identification, formulation and solution;
- capable to analyze, synthesize, and maintain state-of the-art automotive systems using proper principles and tools in a planned and timely manner;
- capable to undertake lifelong learning and to take a leadership role in the community.
Career Opportunities for Graduates
- Automobile Agencies, Automotive service centers
- Factories and companies, maintenance, production and quality management
- Vocational training centers
- Higher Education Institutes
- drivers’ rehabilitation institutes
- Engineering offices & companies
- Insurance companies
- Government: Ministry of Transport and Communications, Ministry of education, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of transportation, Ministry of Labor, Standards and Metrology Institution.
Academic Plan
متطلبات الجامعة الاجبارية Credit hours: 18 Courses: 7
| Course No | Course Name | Credit hours | Course Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4001 | Arabic Language | 3 | This course covers a various number of linguistic issues in Arabic language. It aims to provide the student with a high level of skills and practices that would contribute to promote his language abilities either spoken or written. |
| 4002 | Islamic Culture | 3 | Definition of culture The difference between culture, civilization and science - The importance of studying Islamic culture - Sources of Islamic culture - Characteristics of Islamic culture - Islamic belief and ethics and their impact on human life - Inclusion of belief on all Islamic systems - Contemporary challenges of Islamic culture - Contemporary issues and the rule of Islam in them, such as: Reproduction, birth control and regulation, dress, adornment, women's work, insurance, lotteries). |
| 4003 | English Language 1 | 3 | The course focuses on four basic skills in the English language (the skill of reading, writing, speaking, and listening) and encourages the student to use the rules of the English language, and some of the terms that are taught during the course. This course also aims to develop the student in the English language through modern subjects using documented comprehension texts related to the student’s life and university level. |
| 4320 | Modern History of Palestine | 3 | This course aims to introduce students to the history of Palestine and the events that Palestine has been subjected to from the second half of the nineteenth century until the end of this era. |
| 5052 | Remedial English | 0 | Enroll in this course each student did not get the mark required for success in the exam level of English, and this course is designed primarily to help students in the use of linguistic expressions in various fields properly and simple, and is therefore |
| 5055 | Computer And Prog. Principles | 3 | What is a computer, computer units and functions, computer classifications, central processing unit, numbering systems, main and secondary memory, input devices output devices computer software, introduction to programming. |
| 8200 | Effective English Language Use | 3 | This course is designed to acquaint students with the process of writing, and the mechanisms of proofreading and revision so that the focus is on the mechanics of writing and development, such as cause and effect and comparison and classification and deal |
متطلبات الجامعة الاختيارية Credit hours: 3 Courses: 15
| Course No | Course Name | Credit hours | Course Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4308 | Hebrew Language | 3 | Designed to study the basic Hebrew language skills. Students will learn listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills in Hebrew. The relation between Hebrew and other languages will also be high lighted. |
| 4321 | Development in the Arabic World | 3 | This course covers the following subjects: The Economic, Social and Civil situation in the Arab World. The analysis of Arab situation on the international level. Development concepts. The characteristics of Arab integrity. Basic challenges. Science technology and Development. The Arab Civil future. |
| 4322 | Contemporary Problems | 3 | This course includes the most important problems that humanity faces and affect individuals and groups from the social, economic, political and health aspects and affect their happiness. Some of these problems affect the survival and survival of the human race. The most important of them can be generalized with the following titles: globalization and the new world order, rule of law, democracy, women's issues, |
| 4323 | French Language | 3 | Designed to study the language and culture of French speakers. Students will develop rudimentary listening, speaking, reading and writing skills in French, and will study cultural, geographical, and historical aspects of French and other French – speaking |
| 4325 | Spanish Language | 3 | Designed to study the language and culture of Spanish speakers. Students will develop rudimentary listening, speaking, reading and writing skills in Spanish, and will study cultural, geographical, and historical aspects of Spanish and other Spanish – spea |
| 4326 | German Language | 3 | Designed to study the language and culture of German speakers. Students will develop rudimentary listening, speaking, reading and writing skills in German, and will study cultural, geographical, and historical aspects of German and other German – speaking population. Emphasis will be given in developing awareness, understanding cultural differences, and non biased attitudes toward other cultures. |
| 4413 | Law in Society Service | 3 | يهدف المساق إلى التعريف بعالقة القانون بالنظم الاجتماعية الرئيسية والمنظومة القيمية السائدة المحددات الاجتماعية للتشريع، ودور الدولة الحديثة في تشكيل العلاقات الاجتماعية من خلال القانون. دراسة التطور التاريخي للقانون وعلاقة ذلك بالتحولات الاجتماعية والسياسية والاقتصادية ، دور المصالح الاجتماعية المتشابكة والمتصارعة في تحديد شكل ووظائف الأنظمة القانونية وسبل حل النزاعات وفعالية أجهزة فرض النظام، دور القانون كأداة للإصلاح الاجتماعي، مع تركيز خاص على العالم العربي وفلسطين. |
| 4622 | Democracy, Human Rights, & Human International Law | 3 | The concept of democracy, its history, and models for applying his speech to it, while studying the Palestinian reality in light of that. The concept of human rights and its history, the tools and mechanisms for protecting those rights, and applying this to the situation in Palestine. International law and its history, the tools and mechanisms to apply it, and applying this to the situation in Palestine. The relationship of democracy, human rights and international law with each other. |
| 4626 | The History of Science in Arab & Islam | 3 | This course discusses the issue of science in Arab World before the spreading of Islam. Then it discusses the impact of Islam on science in general. The course contains several subjects, such as the science of Fiqh (Islamic law) and legislation Hadith (Pr |
| 5385 | Advanced English Language | 3 | This course aims to prepare students for academic study by improving their level in the field of speed and accuracy of reading skill. The pieces containing long and complex sentences are also selected to enable students to enrich their vocabulary by knowing the meaning of the word from context. Students are also trained to notice the apparent and inspired meaning from the context. Students are also trained to separate between text information and views on it. |
| 5440 | Home Garden | 3 | This course includes the definition of home garden and its benefits, problems and objectives, design and choice of location in addition to its role in achieving food security for developing communities and building a strong family agricultural economy. It |
| 5456 | Turkish Language | 3 | Study the basics and principles of the Turkish language, where the four language skills include reading, writing, speaking, and listening. To the level in which he is able to write correct sentences, express himself in simple words, and understand reading and listening at the level of a paragraph about things related to and surrounding him. |
| 5644 | Entrepreneurship and Creativity | 3 | This course concentrates in the new trends in technology and information system with the effect of these trends in all aspects. These new trends include the medical care system information, the virtual computing, cloud computing, models, dynamic programmi |
| 5975 | Integrity Transparency and anti-corruption | 3 | The course deals with defining the concepts of integrity, transparency, and corruption, locally and globally, while showing the forms of corruption practice within the Palestinian society and its negative effects, as well as the causes that lead to it, whether political, social, economic, partisan, historical, or external and other factors. In addition to identifying ways to confront it in order to reach good governance, whether at the level of official governmental or private institutions. |
| 8237 | Psychology | 3 | The course deals with the principles of psychology, general psychological laws of human behavior, and the goals of psychology in terms of knowing the factors and variables that govern behavior, understanding it, predicting it and judging it by addressing the general topics of psychology. |
متطلبات كلية الهندسة Credit hours: 46 Courses: 19
| Course No | Course Name | Credit hours | Course Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4004 | Calculus 1 | 3 | Function, limits and continuity, Definition of derivative, Differentiation Rules, Application of derivatives, Definite and indefinite integrals, Fundamental theorem of calculus, application of definite integral. |
| 4005 | Calculus 2 | 3 | The Calculus of Transcendental Functions, Techniques of Integrations, Sequences, Infinite Series, Power Series, Conic Sections, Polar Coordinates. |
| 4006 | Physics 1 | 3 | Physical quantities, Units, Vectors and Scalars, Motion in one dimension, Motion in two dimensions, Newton’s laws of motion and dynamics, Work and Energy, Conservation of Energy, Conservation of linear momentum and collision, Center of mass and moment of inertia, Rotational kinematics, and angular momentum |
| 4007 | Physics Lab 1 | 1 | Experiments in mechanics, heat, and optics; Measurement devices, Parallelogram of forces, friction, spiral spring, gravitational acceleration, rigidity, linear expansion, specific heat, mechanical equivalent of heat, and experiments in geometrical optics. |
| 4008 | Chemistry 1 | 3 | Matter, its Properties and Measurement, Development of the Atomic Theory, Stoichiometry; Elements and Compounds, Chemical Reactions, Gases, Thermo chemistry, Electrons in Atoms, Atomic Properties and Periodic Table |
| 4009 | Chemistry Lab1 | 1 | Introduction to chemical lab and use of chemical balances, Boiling point elevation, Density determination, Melting point, Stoichiometry of two reactions, Water of Hydration, Molecular weight of a volatile liquid, Identification of six solutions, Volumetri |
| 4015 | Methods of Scientific Research | 2 | Introduction, science and its objectives, scientific thinking, definitions and fields of scientific research, human knowledge , library , Methods of scientific research, historical method. Principals of scientific research, research problem , research plan, hypothesis. Research tools, samples, questionnaire , data collection methods . Research report , preliminary pages research structure, references, appendixes. |
| 4043 | Differential Equations 1 | 3 | First Order Differential Equations and it's applications. The Existence and Uniqueness Theorem, Differential Equations of Higher Order and its applications, Laplace Transform, solving differential Equations By Laplace Transform, Volterra integral Equation Dirac Delta Function power series solution of Differential Equations. |
| 4068 | Physics 2 | 3 | Electric charges and fields, Gauss’s law, Electric potential, Capacitors, Current resistance and Circuits, Magnetic fields, Ampere’s law, Faraday’s law, and Finally Inductance. |
| 4069 | Physics Lab 2 | 1 | Electric charges and fields, Gauss’s law, Electric potential, Capacitors, Current resistance and Circuits, Magnetic fields, Ampere’s law, Faraday’s law, and Finally Inductance. |
| 4070 | English Language 2 | 3 | This course is designed for all B.Sc. students at Palestine Polytechnic University as a continuation to English I. This course trains students in using effective reading and writing strategies which successful readers and writers employ in manipulating sc |
| 4449 | Math and Simulation for Engineers | 3 | |
| 4450 | Probability and Statistics for Engineers | 3 | |
| 5059 | Computer Programming | 3 | Introduction to programming and, problem solving, data types in C Language, Input /Output, variables, expressions, control and selection statements, functions, arrays, pointers, structure and files. |
| 5060 | Engineering Drawing | 2 | Drawing technique, the graphic language, instruments and their use, materials of drawing, drawing standards, types of lines and lettering. Geometrical constructions: dividing straight lines into equal parts and constructing perpendiculars, constructing an |
| 5061 | Engineering Workshop | 2 | This course aims at training students on using a various manual Engineering skills as sawing, filling, drilling, riveting cutting and bending….etc. which are essential for all kinds of industrialization it is necessary for everyone who works in industry |
| 5087 | Linear Algebra & Numerical Methods | 3 | Systems of linear equations and matrices: Gaussian elimination, Gauss-Jordan elimination, Elementary row operations and homogeneous systems, Matrices: Operation on matrices, Inverse of a matrix, Equivalency of matrices, Symmetric matrix, Determinants, Vector spaces: Subspaces, Linear independence, Basis and representation, Dimension of vector spaces, The row space and the column space of matrix, Direct sum, Linear transformation: Linear operator, zero transformation and matrix transformation, Kernal and range of a transformation, Representing linear transformation by matrices, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization, Quadratic form, Orthonormal matrices, Applications to mechanical and electrical systems, Number representation and Errors, Locating Roots of Equations, Interpolation and, Numerical differentiation, Numerical Integration, Systems of Linear Equations, Approximation by Spline Functions, Ordinary differential equations, Smoothing of Data and the method of least squares. |
| 5555 | Engineering Ethics | 2 | This course is designed to introduce undergraduate engineering students to the concepts, theory and practice of engineering ethics. It will allow students to explore the relationship between ethics and engineering and apply classical moral theory and decision making to engineering issues encountered in academic and professional careers |
| 8130 | Eng. Economics & | 2 | مقدمة في الإدارة العلمية، التنظيم الإداري، إدارة الأفراد، إدارة المشروعات، إدارة المخزون، اتخاذ القرارات، مبادئ التكلفة والربح، محاسبة الاستهلاك. |
متطلبات الدائرة Credit hours: 53 Courses: 20
| Course No | Course Name | Credit hours | Course Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4024 | Applied Mechanics ( Statics ) | 3 | Introduction to Statics, Force Systems, Equilibrium of particles and rigid bodies, Analysis of Trusses, frames and Machines, Distributed Forces, Centroids and center of gravity, Moments of inertia, Shear force and bending moment diagrams for loaded beams. |
| 4025 | Applied Mechanics ( Dyn.) | 3 | Kinematics of particles and Kinematics of rigid bodies (Rectilinear Motion, Plane Curvilinear Motion, Relative and Absolute Motion). Kinetics of particles (Force – mass – acceleration method – work – energy method – Impulse – Momentum method). Kinematics of rigid bodies. |
| 4027 | Strength of Materials | 3 | |
| 4030 | Manufacturing Processes | 3 | Basic Manufacturing processes. Nature and properties of engineering materials. Production of metals. Foundry processes and special casting processes. Welding. Plastic. Hot and cold forming. Powder metallurgy and special forming processes. Material removal technology. Special material removal processes. Heat treatment of metals. Surface cleaning and finishing processes. |
| 4031 | Fluid Mechanics | 3 | General concept of fluid and non-fluid substances, fluid properties, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, properties of the atmospheric fluid, standard conditions, fluid statics, hydrostatic correlations and their applications, fluid kinematics, fluid flow shapes and their relations to velocity and acceleration, Reynolds’ experiment of fluid flow, Laminar and Turbulent fluid flow, Reynolds Number, Continuity equation, fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's equation, energy equation, momentum equation, flow through pipes, friction in pipes, Darcy equation, pressure losses in pipes and fittings, criteria of power transmission in pipes, dimensional analysis. |
| 4048 | Machine Design 1 | 3 | The mechanical design process. Materials in mechanical design. Stress tensor and stress transformation. Stresses in pressurized tubes and cylinders. Static failure theories for ductile and brittle materials: Maximum normal stress theory, Maximum-shear-stress theory, Distortion-energy theory, Coulomb-Mohr theory. Endurance limits and fatigue failure theories: Goodman criteria, Gerber criteria, ASME-elliptic criteria. Elements design: power screws, bolted and riveted connections, welded joints, shafts. Design through Computer software (MITCalc). |
| 4058 | Machine Design II | 3 | Analysis and Design of bolts and mechanical springs, welded joints, Geometrical analysis and design of gears (spur, helical, bevel and worm gears). Clutches. Brakes. Couplings and flywheels, Belts. Chains and ropes. Shafts and axles. Design Project. |
| 4331 | Thermo Lab. | 1 | |
| 4341 | Measurement Sys. and Sensors | 3 | Introduction to measurement and instrumentation, instruments performance and terminology, basic concepts of experimentation and sensors classification, analysis of experimental data, static and dynamic performance characteristics of instruments, electrical measurements and sensing devices, displacement and acceleration measurements, pressure measurements, flow measurements, temperature measurements, force and strain measurements, motion and vibration measurements, modern measurement systems (Vision, Touch, Smell, etc), signal conditioning and analysis techniques. Use of laboratory equipments and software (sensors, DAQs, LabView, etc.). |
| 4350 | Mechanics Lab. | 1 | Reactions on beams. Centroid and moment of inertia. Estimating Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity for various materials. Stress-Strain diagram. Torsion in bars. Studying the motion of various mechanisms. Static and dynamic balancing. Simple and compound pendulum. Gears. Governors. |
| 4404 | Fluid Mechnics Lab | 1 | Pressure measurements; pressure gage calibration, center of pressure. Bernoulli’s equations applications. Demonstration of laminar and turbulent flow. Flow measurements, flow through a Venturi, flow rate through an orifice. Measurement of losses in pipe bends and fittings. Measurement of forces produced by a jet of water on various surfaces Constant speed and constant pressure difference experiments for: reciprocating, rotary and centrifugal pumps. Pumps characteristics. Pumps in series. Pumps in parallel. Radial flow turbines (Francis). Axial flow turbines (Kaplan). Pelton’s wheel. |
| 4454 | Thermal Power and Heat Transfer | 3 | |
| 4455 | Materials Engineering and Testing | 3 | |
| 4456 | Electrical Circuits Analysis and Electronics | 4 | Introduction to electrical and electric circuits; AC and DC steady-state and transient analysis of RLC circuits. Phasors: real power, reactive power, apparent power; analysis of networks in frequency domain; AC and three phase power; diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers and applications. In addition to several experiments in electrical network analysis that demonstrate the knowledge of the main theorems of dc and ac network, e.g., Ohm's law, Kirchhoff laws, Thevenin and Norton and first order circuits, experiments of microelectronic devices, e.g., diodes (normal, Zener, photo), rectifiers (half-wave and full-wave), transistors (BJT and FET), as well as selected experiments in opamps. |
| 4457 | Machine Dynamics and Vibrations | 3 | |
| 4458 | Control Systems | 3 | |
| 4459 | Introduction to Microcontrollers | 3 | |
| 4460 | Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems | 3 | |
| 5088 | Electromechanical Workshop | 2 | Manufacturing processes (Electrical arc welding and gas welding). Manufacturing operations (Turning, milling, sawing, shaping, filing, cylindrical and surface grinding). Electrical switches, sensing elements, wiring single phase motors, relays and contactors, timers, counters, temperature control circuits, methods of traditional control. |
| 5089 | Mechanical Drawing Using Computer | 2 | Introduction to Mechanical Drawing (2D-3D), using computer to design and drawing of mechanical components such as (Nuts, Screws, Bearing, Joins, Gears, shafts, Springs, …), Design of Mechanical Parts, Assembly Design of Mechanical Parts, Shape Design of mechanical Parts. Using AUTOCAD and CATIA 3D-modeling |
متطلبات التخصص الاجبارية Credit hours: 37 Courses: 14
| Course No | Course Name | Credit hours | Course Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4132 | Field Training 1 | 0 | This course aims to train the students in related to the specially community institutions on engineering basic competencies such as safety, technical terminology, aclministrative rules and layouts, drawings and energy analysis and protection. |
| 4133 | Field Training 2 | 0 | This course aims to train the students in related to the especially community institutions on technical competencies related to his area specialty during process function and productivity, and do all analysis studies related to specialty. Preparing the student for the stage of work. |
| 4304 | Introduction to Graduation project | 1 | General concepts and objectives of graduation project. Availability of information and resources. Scientific research. Computers in scientific research. Writing up graduation thesis. Proposed graduation project. Guide lines and preparations. |
| 4305 | Graduation Project | 3 | In this part of the project students must implement and test the design described in the “Introduction to Graduation Project”. |
| 4451 | Finite Element Methods | 3 | |
| 4461 | Applied Thermodynamics | 3 | |
| 4462 | Automotive Systems Technology | 5 | |
| 4463 | Internal Combustion Engines | 3 | |
| 4464 | Automotive Engines Technology | 4 | |
| 4465 | Automotive Dynamics and Control | 3 | |
| 4466 | Automotive Electronic and Control Systems | 5 | |
| 4467 | Automotive Fuel-System Technologies | 2 | |
| 4468 | Automotive Technology Trends | 3 | |
| 5240 | Diagnosis and Maintenance Of Automotive Systems | 2 |
متطلبات التخصص الاختيارية Credit hours: 6 Courses: 21
| Course No | Course Name | Credit hours | Course Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4022 | Computer Aided Manufacturing | 3 | CIM definition, CIM environment, CIM benefits. Components of a CIM architecture; Numerical Control in CIM , Simulation, Group technology, networks, Concurrent engineering, CAD/CAM integration. Classification of production systems. Integrative Manufacturing Planning and Control. Integration information and material flow in manufacturing. Modeling methodology and tools in analysis and design for CIM . |
| 4333 | Computer Aided Design | 3 | Introduction to CAD, computer Graphics, Introduction to Computing with Geometry, Geometric modeling, Geometric Transformations, Simple Curves and Surfaces, Solid Modeling, Parametric Curves, shape modeling. Using advanced level of CATIA mechanical design Tools (Part-design , assembly-design) and Shape design tools, (Wireframe and surface design). |
| 4453 | Maintenance Management and Methodologies | 3 | |
| 4471 | Automotive Layout & Ergonomic Engineering | 3 | |
| 4472 | Automotive Air Conditioning Systems | 3 | |
| 4473 | Design of Automotive Chassis & Body System | 3 | |
| 4474 | Design of Automotive Control Networks | 3 | |
| 4475 | Heavy and Industrial Vehicles | 3 | |
| 4476 | Automotive Body modification & Repair | 3 | |
| 4477 | Special Topics in Automotive Engineering | 3 | |
| 4478 | Energy & Environmental Aspects of Road Mobility | 3 | |
| 4479 | Automotive Aerodynamics | 3 | |
| 4480 | Entrepreneurship for Automotive Retails &Services | 3 | |
| 5550 | Solid waste Management | 3 | |
| 5563 | Environmental Impact Assessment & Env. Regulations | 3 | |
| 5622 | Project Management & Quality | 3 | يهدف المساق إلى تعريف الطالب بالمفاهيم والأساليب الحديثة في إدارة المشاريع بمساعدة حزم وبرامج الحاسوب، وتشمل المواضيع: ما هي إدارة المشاريع، صفات وخصائص إدارة المشاريع ومدير المشروع، تخطيط المشاريع توزيع الموارد والمصادر، طرق إدارة المشاريع، تقدير التكاليف وحساب المخاطرة، اتخاذ القرارات في وضع غير مستقر، متابعة المشاريع والتحكم بها، استخدام إحدى برامج الحاسوب الخاصة بإدارة المشاريع مع تطبيقات عملية. كما يهدف المساق إلى تزويد الطالب بمفاهيم اقتصاديات و إدارة الجودة، بالإضافة إلى مبادئ وأساليب إحصائية للتأكد من مطابقة المنتج/ الخدمة للمواصفات، التفتيش بأخذ العينات بالصفات المميزة وبالمتغيرات، لوحات ضبط المتغيرات، لوحات الضبط للصفات المميزة. TQM وعناصرها الأساسية، تأكيد الجودة، ضبط الجودة، الآيزو |
| 8072 | Fuel cell technology | 3 | |
| 8073 | Energy auditing | 3 | |
| 8076 | Transport Pollution | 3 | |
| 8230 | Building management systems | 3 | |
| 8232 | Mechanical and sanitary systems for buildings | 3 |